The extra letters ⟨ä⟩ and ⟨ö⟩ The sign at the bus station of the Finnish municipality Mynämäki, illustrating a variation of the letter ⟨ä⟩. In theory represents but the actual pronunciation may vary. It occurs in some unestablished loanwords, such as džonkki ' junk', and foreign proper names, but is often replaced with digraph ⟨zh⟩. The " ⟨z⟩ with caron" is a rare variant of ⟨z⟩. In theory it represents but actual pronunciation may vary. It occurred in some relatively new loanwords, such as šakki ' chess' and šillinki ' shilling', but is often replaced with digraph ⟨sh⟩ ( šampoo → shampoo) or, in more established loanwords, with plain ⟨s⟩ ( sampoo). The " ⟨s⟩ with caron" is a rare variant of ⟨s⟩. The Finnish keyboard layout on Microsoft Windows does not include ⟨š⟩ or ⟨ž⟩ thus, in practice, only highly formal sources such as official texts, encyclopedias or Helsingin Sanomat use them. Similarly, ⟨ š⟩ and ⟨ ž⟩ are variants of ⟨s⟩ and ⟨z⟩, but they are often overlooked, as they are only used in some relatively new loanwords and foreign names, and may be replaced with ⟨sh⟩ and ⟨zh⟩, respectively, if it is technically impossible to reproduce ⟨š⟩ and ⟨ž⟩. In addition, ⟨ w⟩ is sometimes listed separately and after ⟨v⟩, although officially it is merely a variant of the latter and can be alphabetized as ⟨v⟩. All Finnish words containing ⟨å⟩ are names there it represents (identically to ⟨oo⟩). The "Swedish ⟨o⟩", carried over from the Swedish alphabet and redundant in Finnish retained especially for writing Finland-Swedish proper names (such as Ståhlberg). Typically represents (like in German), but sometimes or. Occurs in unestablished loanwords, such as zeniitti /tse.niːt.ti/ ' zenith' or pizza, but there may be an alternative spelling with ⟨ts⟩ (e.g. Occurs in unestablished loanwords, such as taxi or fax, but there is often a preferred alternative where ⟨x⟩ has been replaced with digraph ⟨ks⟩ ( taksi, faksi). In collation the letter ⟨w⟩ is treated mostly like ⟨v⟩. Werner Söderström, a well-known publisher). Mika Waltari, a world-famous author) or in some rare first names such as Werner (e.g. It occurs in some rare surnames such as Waltari (e.g. The "double-v" may occur natively as an archaic variant of ⟨v⟩, but otherwise in unestablished loanwords and foreign proper names only. Typically represents approximant rather than fricative. The precise pronunciation tends to be dental rather than alveolar. Typically represents, though some speakers mispronounce it as. Mainly occurs in foreign proper names (in loanwords digraph ⟨qu⟩ has often been replaced with ⟨kv⟩). Without exception (English consonant ⟨y⟩), as in German and Swedish, never fricative or affricate as in French or English. Normally a voiceless fricative, but the precise pronunciation depends on the preceding vowel between two vowels may be pronounced as breathy-voiced. Otherwise ⟨g⟩ only occurs in relatively new loanwords, such as gaala ' gala' and geeni ' gene'. Occurs natively in the digraph ⟨ng⟩, which marks the long velar nasal (with no sound). Even newer loanwords may have an alternative spelling where ⟨v⟩ has replaced ⟨f⟩ ( asvaltti, univormu). kahvi /ˈkah.ʋi/ ← Swedish kaffe ' coffee'). Historically and in dialectal pronunciation (apart from some Western dialects), /f/ is typically replaced with /ʋ/ or medially /hʋ/ (e.g. Occurs in relatively new loanwords, such as asfaltti ' asphalt' or uniformu ' uniform'. The precise pronunciation tends to be between and. Natively used in Western dialects as and not at all in Eastern dialects. In present standard language, ⟨d⟩ stands for, but it represents or, and the pronunciation in dialects varies greatly. Occurs in unestablished loanwords, such as curry and cesium. Occurs in relatively new loanwords, such as banaani ' banana' and bussi ' bus'. Notes on usage (for more, see Finnish phonology) In notes, more narrow transcriptions are enclosed in square brackets. The pronunciation instructions enclosed in slashes are broad transcriptions based on the IPA system. In practice, the names of the letters are rarely spelled, as people usually just type the (uppercase or lowercase) glyph when they want to refer to a particular letter. If the name of a consonant begins with a vowel (usually ⟨ä⟩ ), it can be pronounced and spelled either as a monosyllabic or bisyllabic word. The following table describes how each letter in the Finnish alphabet ( Finnish: suomen aakkoset) is spelled and pronounced separately. Problems playing this file? See media help.
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